Intelligence in Thirteenth Floor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intelligence in Thirteenth Floor - Essay Example Before they can be relayed within the society to serve the members, the devices created need to be tested to ensure the necessary comfort and safety measure is reached to avoid complications that may harm the individual. Moreover, the adverse effects may be witnessed in the summed effects when the technology is observed as a national security threat. These are the measures considered in the construction of intelligence, and it has to clearly define the purpose of its creation. The pretesting of the intelligence that might be created has been supported in the creation of simulation that explains the preceding phenomenon. Movies have been created to explain the technological intelligence to be created in a world to follow the present. Creative movie directors are capable of predicting events within their movies to use characters with higher intelligence that hold the message of a higher intelligence. Josef Rusnak’s â€Å"Thirteenth Floor† had been created based on the int elligence created on a virtual reality world. Although these environments are fictional and present measures that are dependent on the movie’s plot development, the intelligence within thirteenth floor can be merged with the created technology to create an actual depiction of the events within the movie. Plot Development The character that draws controversy in the movie development is Hannon Fuller, who had successfully developed the intelligence in a virtual reality simulation to depict Los Angeles in 1937. However, the system is not complete in testing, and the events that follow the invention create the twist needed to predict the events that follow. Fuller is murdered before he completes testing his machine, and the suspect presented in the case is Douglas Hall. The events that had led to the murder are blurry to Hall who finds blood on his shirt to lead him to present doubts over his innocence. Hall had been Fuller’s apprentice and friend ad had helped with the pr oject that saw a new technology developed in the company. The LAPD investigated the murder case with McBain heading the investigations to grant the meeting between Jane Fuller and Hall (Rusnak). Jane and Hall establish a romance that lead to the culmination of the events that would witness the attempted shut down of the VR system (Rusnak). Jane is against the technology and had plotted to invent strategies to oversee the demise of the program. Another murder is presented in the bartender who had witnessed Fuller and Hall’s meeting which lead the suspect to be apprehended. However, Hall is soon released after Jane testifies against the action to disapprove the suspects. Hall, full of anger and suspicion attempts to derive the truth of the events in the message that he had been left by his mentor, Fuller. He meets Jerry Ashton who had learnt the truth that the world he had live in had been a simulation and that Hal was a visitor from another realm. This had been through a messa ge that Fuller had addressed to Hall, and he attempts to murder the foreigner in the quest for redemption. Ashton attempts fail as Hall manages to escape from the world in time before the assassination in the virtual world. He attempts to find Jane in his world but finds a copy who fails to recognize him leading Hall, to reveal the truth that his own world is a simulation. Revelation Hall’s worlds had been revealed as a simulation and one that had managed to create a parallel

Research on Ecological Education Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Ecological Education - Research Paper Example This enhances their self-confidence, providing them with positive outlook towards ecology, its protection and improvement (ALPHA, 2000). Ecological education enables individuals to comprehend a wider and composite conservation system, it also signify to stay in harmony. Thus, ecological education creates an wakefulness not only amongst the educated population but also amongst the uneducated population. It assembles those individuals who are well informed and provide support with keenness and dedication. Communication is the chief motive of ecological association. Communication is done by using short and meaningful sentences. It is imperative that appropriate information and desired awareness must be generated through this means of education. It is evident that environment or ecology is a wide term that involves people, their immediate environment, their cultural environment and also the global impact. It is a concern towards our biological as well as non-biological environment, it al so involves a concern about the social environment. It involves protection of the resources.

Indias Manufacturing Sector Policy Framework

Indias Manufacturing Sector Policy Framework CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION On August 15, 2014, Prime Minister NarendraModi, in his maiden Independence Day speech, reached out to companies around the world to ‘Come, Make in India’. He further said ‘Sell in any country of the world but manufacture here. We have got skill, talent, discipline, and determination to do something’. The key features under ‘Make in India’ Cut red Tapism Spurforeign INVESTMENT Better skill up gradation Zero-defect products with Zero- (negative) effect on environment Innovation Enhance skill development Protect intellectual property Built best in class infrastructure According to MrNarendraModi, we Indians should take FDI as ‘ First Develop India’ and the global investors should consider it as ‘Foreign Direct Investment’ Making India a manufacturing hub The Government has identified 25 key sectors in which the country has the potential of becoming world leader some of them these include: .chemicals, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, textiles, ports, leather hospitality mining, bio-technology etc etc, . The new government has taken up certain initiatives to brace the manufacturing sector in particular, some of which are- Applying for Industrial License and Industrial Entrepreneur Memorandum has been made online e-Biz website De-Licensing has been done on number of Defence items Industrial license validity has been extended to three years The Government has now decided to amend a number of labour laws in order to provide flexibility in working hours and increase intake of apprentices for job training To simplify the regulatory environment an Advisory has been sent to all departmentswhich includes- filing of all returns in a unified form online No inspection will take place without the approval of the Head of the Department CHAPTER 2: POLICIES TAKEN UP BY THE GOVERNMENT ‘Make in India’ has focused on the development of 25 sectors out of which some are as follows:- AUTOMOBILES: 100% FDI is allowed through automatic route subject to all the applicable laws and regulations. Imports are exempted from licensing and approvals. Offering rebate on RD expenditure in order to encourage RD. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: To make business easier new measures are helping reduce complexity, accelerate speed and transperancy Validity of Industrial license has been extended up to three years Maintenance of the registers by the business has to be replaced with a single electronic register LEATHER: Major emphasis has been given to skill development through Indian Leather Development Program Training has been imparted to 51,216 youth in the last 100 days Further planning has been done to train 1,44,000 youth per annum For augmentation of training infrastructure, funds have been released for establishment of 4 new branches of Footwear Design and Development Institute in Hyderabad, Patna, Punjab and Gujarat. CONSTRUCTION: Live Project taken up by the Government: DELHI-MUMBAI INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR (DMIC) The objective of this project is to increase the share in the GDP of the manufacturing sector of our country and to create smart. The plan is to develop cities and residential townships along the Dedicated Railway Freight Corridor (DFC). The aim of the program is to create a world-class infrastructure, good convenient public transport, power management and an efficient water management system.. Around Twenty four manufacturing cities are engaged in the project. In the first phase of the plan, seven cities have been developed each in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, and two in Maharashtra. These cities will provide vast opportunities for the investors internationally and domestically. The initial phase will be completed by 2019.New DMIC Cities will help meet pressure of urbanization and will take India towards economic growth in the next 20 -30 years. The project aims at double employment potential, triple industrial output and exports in the next seven to nine years. KEY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS UNDER THE PROJECT- Recycling and reuse of solid waste and water. Use of renewable leading to energy sufficiency Conservation of sensitive natural environment . Transformation of existing villages into smart cities CHAPTER 3: SCHEME ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION HURDLES ARISING IN THE WAY OF THE SCHEME The term ‘extremely progressive’ for the Make In India campaign would not only help in making india a manufacturing hub but also make economic growth more inclusive. But for the campaign to succeed, hurdles like environmental clearances, infrastructure bottlenecks and unfriendly tax regimes are important to be removed in order to create a clear leveled field for the manufacturing in the country. other than these certain other points like: Energy shortages Skilled resources Trained workers Skilled professionals Land problems Ambiguous tax laws Excessively complicated labor laws Have kept a large scale of private investors away from investing. The lack of cooperation between the state and the federal governments is another reason as to why investors have lost faith. A lot of suppliers as well as auto manufacturers face problems in completing paperwork’s and in the obtaining of business permits required for acquisition of business property. Complicated processes like acquiring of a plant or construction permits has caused various hindrances and therefore making it more inconvenient for the businessmen The very complicated irregular network of the domestic tax system that varies from state to state has taken away the ease of operating business in India and are therefore impending investments in India. CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO MAKE THE SCHEME SUCCESSFUL For a long time india was more dependent on the service sector which made it neglect the manufacturing sector to a great extent. The Make In India scheme is a welcoming move in this context. It will help india gain momentum to become the manufacturing powerhouse.This scheme will enhance the employment opportunities.it will provide various employements to the large pool of the young workers who join in the labour force every year. their employment will generate income which will then increase the purchasing power and the demands on the other hand for the manufactured goods The campaign will ensure stronger bilateral ties among the continents and the countries as it highlights global vision. It will mutually benefit the countries in global exchange of the expertise and talents. But in order to achieve this certain changes have to be made and are necessary. They are as under In order to boost the manufacturing sector of the country through this scheme the supply base of component and the material needs to be improved, acceleration in demand .challenges like provision of skilled manpower , removal of regulatory and procedural formalities , infrastructe development also have to be over powered. A fair and a more sorted out tax system is the immediate need for the successful implementation of the campaign. It is important to create a business friendly environment where it is important to gain the trust and the confidence of the investors It is important to bring labour reforms through skilling, which will bring more efficiency in the manufacturing process as a whole. The right execution of the project is of great importance at the state level itself. states will have to reform the laws even at the lower levels and facilitate implementation of policies and plans taken up by the centre. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION Make in India campaign is a Lions step towards making the country a destination for global manufacturing.‘ Modi Governments push for manufacturing sector in India is a laudable idea especially during the time when a number of big companies are finding an alternative to China due to its increasing cost Manufacturing offers a better way to employ millions of workers , providing a stable source of foreign currency, and create a smooth and a reliable path for development. Manufacturing will enhance countrys macro-economicstability besides creating jobs.. Better infrastructure and easier regulations, especially around labour, will help propel manufacturing, The timing is perfect for India. Labour costs are rising in China; Japanese firms are shifting production from China because of military tensions; and the rupee has fallen, making Indian workers more competitive. According to what we have researched, we think that it will be a great success as projects like these are needed today and any such step can surely bring success and development in our economy. The Make in India policy will act as a first reference point on aspects of regulatory and policy issues for the foreign investors and assist them in obtaining regulatory clearances. Now sooner the Competitiveness of manufacturing will now be removed but India will become one of the most competitive manufacturing countries in the world. Mr. Modi is working hard towards this project and is dedicated enough to take it through. He has built a certain kind of trust and confidence in people’s mind which can further encourage him to make this project a success. Modi has sought to inject a new optimism among the businesses and assured them that the investors will be treated with a lot of trust. India is becoming accustomed to Modi’s symbolic gestures. He has established himself as a tough politician who expects ministers and bureaucrats to turn up for work on time, and actually take decisions, and keep files moving, so that these policies turns out into action. Clearly a man on a mission to make India work, he also wants to make the world realise it’s happening. Sitting at his desk in Gujarat, Mr Modi said that when he first took charge of the state’s economy, â€Å"I thought: the sky is the limit.† A similar ambition today would serve India well.

Seduction and Lust in Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market Essay

Seduction and Lust in Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market A seemingly innocent poem about two sisters’ encounters with goblin men, Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† is a tale of seduction and lust. Behind the lattice of the classic mortal entrapment and escapement from fairyland, â€Å"Goblin Market† explores Laura’s desire for heterosexual knowledge, the goblin men’s desire for mortal flesh, and Laura and Lizzie’s desire for homosexual eroticism. Goblin men fascinate the sisters Laura and Lizzie, innocent virgins who were taught not to â€Å"peep at goblin men† (Rossetti, l. 49). Predominantly iambic tetrametric, â€Å"Goblin Market† follows a convoluted rhyming scheme and includes many enjambments, repetitions, and dialogues. This experimental form readily lends itself to natural storytelling and mirrors the experimentation of Laura and Lizzie. Laura, more curious than her sister, â€Å"[chooses] to linger/Wondering at each merchant man† (ll. 69-70). This curiosity and longing is expressed through Rossetti’s use of diction and rhyme in describing the girls’ â€Å"clasping arms and cautioning lips,/With tingling cheeks and finger tips† (ll. 38-39; italics mine). Laura is tempted to taste the luscious grapes the goblins peddle, though she acknowledges that the fruits’ â€Å"hungry thirsty roots† grow on alien soils (l. 45). Laura’s repetition of â€Å"Look, Lizzie, look, Lizzie† betrays her restless longings. The consecutive commencements with the word â€Å"one† and the assonance on the vowel â€Å"O† in the lines describing the goblins set the tone of urgency: â€Å"One hauls a basket,/One bears a plate,/One lugs a golden dish/Of many pounds weight† (ll. 54-59). This technique, like a refrain, punctuates the entire poem and Laura, wi... ...nd â€Å"dew-wet grass† (ll. 532-533). As with the girls’ experiences with the goblin men, this homoerotic experience is like a dream (l. 537). Laura and Lizzie, by sharing of themselves, discover that â€Å"there is no friend like a sister† (l. 562). Their love, redeeming and life giving, surpasses the seductive yet bitter fruits of the goblin men. Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market†, though punctuated with an air of innocence, is imbued with provocative imageries and rhymes. It encapsulates Laura’s desperate yearnings for the goblins’ fruits, the goblins’ lascivious desire to entrap chaste mortals, and Laura and Lizzie’s feverish love that is neither vulgar nor ephemeral. Works Cited Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Illustrated by Laurence Housman. 1893. New York: Dover, 1983. Work Consulted Bellas, Ralph A. Christina Rossetti. Boston: Twayne, 1977.

Punishment vs Rehabilitation

The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing a crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment; however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender can sit on death row. Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself. This has no place in any enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household. Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminal's attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where confinement is not easy. Parole should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling. The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases the effectiveness of each and also increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is enhanced since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of chance which is inherent in the present parole-granting process. With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison provide both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals. After the punitive portion of the sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each segment of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victim's rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, ignored throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims' Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims' family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Offender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Society's view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Society's belief's in the â€Å"just desserts† theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime† was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to society's impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as â€Å"boot camps† or â€Å"shock camps†. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991). Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity. Punishment vs Rehabilitation The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing a crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment; however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender can sit on death row. Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself. This has no place in any enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household. Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminal's attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where confinement is not easy. Parole should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling. The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases the effectiveness of each and also increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is enhanced since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of chance which is inherent in the present parole-granting process. With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison provide both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals. After the punitive portion of the sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each segment of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victim's rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, ignored throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims' Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims' family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Offender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Society's view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Society's belief's in the â€Å"just desserts† theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime† was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to society's impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as â€Å"boot camps† or â€Å"shock camps†. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991). Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity.

Critical analysis of page 41-42 of the Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald describes the ‘music’ coming from Gatsby’s house which is effectively used to foreshadow the images of music in the party later in the passage. He also uses the term ‘summer nights’ which presents the reader with the impression of a continuous party and demonstrates more clearly the hedonistic world that the rich inhabited in 1920s America which is further confirmed when Fitzgerald refers to the ‘champagne’ in the next sentence suggesting this expensive delicacy was the normality at these lavish parties. The ‘blue gardens’ in the following sentence gives the reader a vivid picture of the evening light whilst also using the metaphor to evoke a feeling of beauty regarding Gatsby’s party within the readers mind. The image of the comings and goings being ‘like moths’ gives the idea of the fleetingness of the upper class guests that have no real purpose or aims but to drift at these parties. Fitzgerald uses the term ‘men and girls’ as opposed to referring to the ‘girls’ as women, perhaps suggesting at the immaturity of these women, so much so that they appeared to be like little girls. The use of the word ‘whisperings’ creates a sensual feeling in the reader as it appears romantic and furtive but also could refer to the gossiping ways of the wealthy party guests. The image of ‘the stars’ induces both a vision of peaceful night sky, which contrasts the lively atmosphere of the party and therefore highlighting this further to the reader, but also presents an image of the affluent party guests as stars, some in their own rights, and some whom only saw themselves this way. Fitzgerald describes ‘his [Gatsby’s] raft’, ‘his beach’ and ‘his two-motor boats’ in the following sentence to portray the sense of wealth and affluence of Gatsby and this detailed visual imagery enables the reader to relate with the narrator as they share in his feeling of awe at Gatsby’s affluence. The warm light imagery of the ‘sun on the hot sand’ adds to the ongoing sense of romance in the passage, which reflects the numerous romances and affairs within the book, primarily that of Gatsby and Daisy. Fitzgerald effectively uses a metaphor to describe the Rolls-Royce, a relatively small car, becoming an ‘omnibus’ to further emphasize to the reader the massiveness of these parties and the copious people that attended. The simile of the station wagon scampering ‘like a brisk yellow bug’ not only makes the inanimate object more realistic to the reader but reflects the urgency of the guests to attend these magnificent parties. The immensity of Gatsby’s parties is further shown through the statement that ‘eight servants, including an extra gardener’ had to work all of Monday to restore the mansion to its former grandeur and to get rid of the after effects of the party. The image of ‘several hundred feet of canvas’ being used just for Gatsby’s party once again indicates his enormous wealth and success and makes it more realistic to the reader by using measurements. Fitzgerald uses colour imagery to describe the party food such as ‘glistening hors-d’oeuvre’, ‘salads of harlequin designs’ and ‘turkeys bewitched to a dark gold’. This creates a more realistic and physical aspect to the food that makes it more vivid for the reader. The use of the ‘dark gold’ image also symbolises Gatsby’s wealth and the grandeur of the party. Fitzgerald combines the visual images of the ‘gin’, ‘liquors’ and other drinks with the sound imagery of the ‘oboes’, ‘trombones’ and other orchestra instruments in the following paragraph in order to appeal to more of the readers senses. By using sound imagery alongside visual imagery, the party appears more realistic to the reader and they instantly become more involved. The listed instruments depict to the reader the vastness of the orchestra, suggesting it was in competition with the ‘chatter’ and the vast amounts of party guests. During this paragraph, Nick also changes tense from past to present, as he describes that ‘the bar is in full swing’. This also makes the passage more realistic to the reader as it is more inclusive and engages the reader to feel like they are also attending this party. The use of the image of ‘Castile’ a wealthy Spanish town, indicates the affluence of the people at the party as their fashion was ‘beyond the dreams’ of even the most wealthy towns. Fitzgerald describes the cocktails as ‘floating rounds’ indicating how insignificant the party guests thought of the servants, so much so that they appeared to be invisible. This shows the shallow, snobbish nature of the wealthy Americans of the time. Personification is used effective to describe the air as ‘alive with chatter’ highlighting to the reader the enormity of the noise of the party that must have been audible for miles around. The idea of the ‘enthusiastic meetings’ of women who ‘never knew each other’s names’ compels the reader to consider how genuine this enthusiasm was in someone they did not know or whether it was fake interest from possibly fake and shallow women of the time. There is further light imagery as it grows ‘brighter’ mentions of the ‘sun’ which evoke images of wealth and beauty. Fitzgerald creates both visual and sound imagery when he describes the ‘yellow cocktail music’ in which the light imagery again indicated wealth to the reader and also creates a soft, sensual feel. The ‘opera of voices’ further highlights the noise of the party and connects both the orchestra noise and that of the guests conversations. The groups changing ‘swiftly’ gives the impression of elegance and restlessness, as people are reluctant to stay in the same place as groups ‘dissolve and form in the same breath’. Fitzgerald stresses the self obsessed, egotistical nature of the party guests when he reveals their aim; to become centre of attention which, when fulfilled, makes them ‘excited with triumph’. The passage comes to a close with the ever recurring light imagery of the ‘constantly changing light’ perhaps symbolising not only the beauty of the scene but also the fleetingness of the people that inhabit it.